In a groundbreaking series of studies published in Nature, researchers have delved into the DNA extracted from the bones and teeth of over 5,000 ancient humans who lived in Asia and Europe, dating back up to 34,000 years. The genetic information obtained provides a unique window into the medical conditions and genetic predispositions of present-day populations.
One of the significant discoveries revolves around multiple sclerosis (MS). The research indicates that Northern Europeans exhibit relatively higher rates of MS due to a gene introduced by the Yamnaya people approximately 5,000 years ago. These ancient herders migrated through Russia, Bulgaria, and Romania, settling in Northwestern Europe. The gene variants linked to MS were likely advantageous for protection against diseases affecting their livestock, despite increasing the risk of developing MS.
Eske Willerslev, a researcher with expertise in ancient DNA analysis, emphasized the far-reaching implications of this finding for our understanding and treatment of multiple sclerosis today. The study challenges existing perspectives on the causes of MS, highlighting the complex interplay between genetic legacies and environmental factors.
The research extends beyond MS, offering insights into various aspects of modern health:
- Height: The genetic legacy of the Yamnaya people also plays a role in the height differences observed between Northern and Southern Europeans.
- Disease Risks: Southern Europeans, with a concentration of ancient farmer DNA, may face a higher risk of bipolar disorder. Eastern Europeans may be genetically predisposed to increased risks of Alzheimer’s disease and Type 2 diabetes.
- Lactose Tolerance: The ability to digest milk after childhood likely emerged in Europe around 6,000 years ago, showcasing the evolution of lactose tolerance.
- Dietary Habits: An intriguing revelation is the emergence of an ability and tolerance to live solely on a vegetarian diet around 5,900 years ago in Europe.
Evan Irving-Pease, lead author of one of the studies, highlighted the profound impact of the Eurasian region’s lifestyles over the last 10,000 years on the genetic legacy influencing both physical appearance and disease risks in present-day descendants. These findings underscore the intricate interplay between ancient lifestyles and the genetic makeup of contemporary populations, emphasizing the enduring legacy of our ancestors on our health and well-being.
As the studies challenge and reshape our understanding of the evolution of diseases and physical traits, they open new avenues for exploring the complex relationship between genetics and environment throughout human history.
Find out more about ancient genetics in a study published last year in Nature Medicine.